After talks in Moscow, France's Laurent Fabius said the UN's report into the August incident left no doubt that the Syrian government was responsible.
But Russia's Sergei Lavrov said Moscow had "very serious grounds" to believe the attack had been a provocation by rebel forces.
Mr Fabius is pressing Russia to support a Security Council resolution on Syria.
On Monday, UN weapons inspectors said in much-anticipated report that the nerve gas sarin had been used against civilians on a relatively large scale in a suburb of Damascus on 21 August.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has described the attack as a war crime.
US allegations that the Syrian government was responsible had led to threats of military action.
But under a deal brokered at the weekend by Russia and the US, Syria will disclose its chemical weapons within a week and eliminate them by mid-2014.
France is now trying to win support for a UN resolution with the threat of serious consequences if this does not happen.
Russia, which is Syria's strongest ally, says the government of President Bashar al-Assad should first be given the chance to give up its chemical weapons.
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Syria's chemical weapons
CIA believes Syria's chemical weapons can be "delivered by aircraft, ballistic missile, and artillery rockets"
Syria believed to possess mustard gas and sarin, and also tried to develop more toxic nerve agents such as VX gas
Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) or ratified the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)
Sources: CSIS, RUSI
Western military options
Media review: Mixed response
On Monday, Russia said claims that the rebels were responsible could not be shrugged off, and it questioned why no rebel fighters were among the casualties if it were a government attack.
The US, UK and France all say the UN inspectors' report vindicates their stance that Syria was to blame for attack.
The US and UK ambassadors to the UN said technical details showed only the regime could have been responsible for the attack.
Mr Assad has denied responsibility and blamed rebels for the attack.
On Tuesday, the Syrian foreign ministry accused the US, UK and France of trying to "impose their will on the Syrian people" after they said they would press for the UN resolution.
Positive for sarin
The UN investigators examined blood, hair, urine and rocket samples from the scene of the attack.
Mr Ban said 85% of the blood samples had tested positive for sarin.
The report did not attribute blame, as that was not part of its remit, but Mr Ban was asked at a news conference whether he knew who was behind the attack.
He replied that "we may all have our own thoughts", but it was for "others to decide" what steps should be taken to bring those responsible to justice.
He said the mission was unable to verify the number of casualties, but referred to the "terrible loss of life on 21 August".
Mr Ban added this was the most significant confirmed use of chemical weapons against civilians since Saddam Hussein used them in Halabja in 1988.
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