The nation won a controversial bidding process to stage the competition, where summer temperatures can reach 50C.
Uefa's 54 member associations backed the move at a meeting in Croatia.
"What has come out of this meeting is that the World Cup cannot be played in Qatar in the summer," said Britain's Fifa vice-president Jim Boyce.
"Everyone was certainly in agreement about that."
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Greg Dyke: "You can't hold this tournament in the summer in Qatar"
Boyce added that the debate was now regarding whether it would be played in January 2022 or November and December of that year.
The British associations in Uefa want to ensure their festive fixtures are protected for their domestic league seasons, while Uefa favours January so that it would not impact on the Champions League.
But Boyce, who is also a former president of the Irish Football Association, says the associations do not want Fifa to rush that decision.
"There is still nine years to go and people feel Fifa should sit down with all the major stakeholders and come up with a solution that would cause the minimum disruption to football.
"There is plenty of time to do that in my opinion, and hopefully football will be the winner."
The executive committee of football's world governing body Fifa will make the final decision on Qatar 2022. It is expected to agree in principle to move the World Cup to the winter at its meeting in Zurich which begins on 3 October.
The increased support for a move is significant because European associations represent 10 members of that 22-strong committee.
However, some football leagues say a winter tournament could be too disruptive. The English Premier League is firmly opposed to a winter World Cup, with chief executive Peter Scudamore saying last month he was adamant the tournament could go ahead in the summer.
The body declined to comment on the latest development when approached by BBC Sport.
Football Association chairman Greg Dyke has said the tournament might have to move location if a suitable time to play in Qatar could not be agreed, while Fifa's own medical chief, Michel D'Hooghe, has advised that the risks posed to supporters by extreme heat are too great.
However, the head of the Qatar 2022 World Cup, Hassan al-Thawadi, has rejected calls for the tournament to be awarded to another country, despite Fifa president Sepp Blatter admitting the governing body may have made a "mistake" in awarding the competition to Qatar in the summer.
Earlier this week, Australia's soccer chief Frank Lowy said his country's Football Federation (FFA) may seek compensation if the 2022 World Cup is switched to the winter after his country lost out to Qatar.
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